1431-Judges' investigations for the trial of Joan of Arc begin in Rouen, France, the seat of the English occupation government 1760-Afghans defeat the Indian Maratha Empire in the Battle of Barari Ghat 1839-Louis Daguerre demonstrates his 'daguerreotype' photographic process to the French Academy of Sciences 1909-Ernest Shackleton, as part of the British Nimrod Expedition, reaches a record farthest southern latitude of 88°23' south 1963-Mao Zedong writes his poem "Reply to Comrade Kuo Mo-jo" 1970-Constitution of Singapore enacted 2007-Apple CEO Steve Jobs announces the iPhone