CAPE TOWN – If there was any doubt remaining about the return of great-power politics, it has been dispelled by U.S. President Donald Trump’s attack on Venezuela, threats to annex Greenland, and refusal to extend the New START treaty limiting the nuclear arsenals of the United States and Russia. Such geopolitical upheavals are driven by “the will to power,” as Adam Tooze has pointed out – including “power over resources, purchasing power, the ability to resist the influence of others.” The reverberations of this trend are being felt in the architecture of global cooperation, built around the Bretton Woods institutions, under which shared rules and formal governance structures shaped countries’ behavior. Within the “rules-based order,” at the heart of which lies the United Nations, cooperation was operationalized through regular engagement, leading to incremental gains. This system often required countries to make concessions and accommodations, but they generally were willing to do so in exchange for long-term stability and predictability. But this institutional app