When former U.S. President Barack Obama faced criticisms that his foreign policy was too cautious, he used two phrases to justify his decisions. The first was “don’t do stupid stuff,” defending his caution in taking foreign policy risks. The second was an analogy of “hitting singles and doubles” rather than a “home run” in foreign policy achievements. In contrast, current President Donald Trump, who has decried that the U.S. wasn’t “winning” on the international stage because its leaders lacked boldness in their actions, promised an aggressive pursuit of his “America First” foreign policy. Despite the rhetoric, however, Trump’s first term still largely displayed policy restraints. Trump’s policy advisors dissuaded him from several high-risk foreign policy decisions, such as making a “big deal” with North Korea, prolonging a trade war with China or attempting regime changes in the Middle East and Latin America. Trump’s second term has featured significantly more aggressive, risky foreign policy behavior, becoming less restrained in the use of military f