Ingonyama Trust leaves millions in legal limbo while political compromise endures

Thirty years after democracy, the Ingonyama Trust continues to govern nearly three million hectares in KwaZulu-Natal through a system born of political compromise, leaving millions of South Africans trapped under leases that disregard customary rights and constitutional principles. The trust’s opaque operations, gendered injustices and links to violence reveal an urgent need for reform that respects local land tenure, protects women, and subjects all authority to the rule of law.

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